
Accounting Fundamentals: A Practical Guide for Business Owners
The Five Pillars of Business Accounting 1. Sources of Capital: The Funding Equation Every dollar entering your business falls into one of two categories: Liabilities (Borrowed Funds) Owners’ Equity (Invested Capital) Real-world example: Tech startup NeoVision raised 5M—5M—2M from angel investors (equity) and $3M as convertible notes (debt). 2. Cash Deployment: The Spending Matrix Expenses (Immediate Consumption) Assets (Long-term Value) Pro Tip: The $10,000 laptop rule—items under this threshold can often be expensed immediately under IRS guidelines. 3. Asset Utilization: Value Conversion Paths Inventory Conversion Depreciation Schedules Asset Type Standard Lifespan Commercial buildings 39 years Office equipment 5-7 years Software systems 3 years Amortization Patterns 4. Revenue Realization: The Profit Engine The Sales Cycle Profit/Loss Determinants Case Study: Midwest Manufacturing improved margins from 12%...